“Les femmes dans des activités masculines adoptaient des stéréotypes masculins” (Doutre, 2014, p. 332).
Translated quotation that appeared in the paper: Women working in masculine fields adopted masculine stereotypes (Doutre, 2014, p. 332). |
In the reference list, provide the citation for the work in its original language. Also provide an English translation of the title of the work in square brackets after the foreign-language title, without italics.
Reference list entry:
Doutre, É. (2014). Mixité de genre et de métiers: Conséquences identitaires et relations de travail [Mixture of gender and trades: Consequences for identity and working relationships]. 327–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036218 |
Why Is the Translation Considered a Paraphrase?
You may wonder why your translation is considered a paraphrase rather than a direct quotation. That’s because translation is both an art and a science—languages do not have perfect correspondences where every word and phrase matches up with a foreign equivalent, though of course some cases come closer than others. Even in the example passage above I considered how to translate “Les femmes dans des activités masculines”—taken word for word I might have written “Women in masculine activities,” but I thought “Women working in masculine fields” better conveyed the actual meaning, which relates to women working in male-dominated occupations.
Nevertheless, because we can't codify how exact any given translation is, it would be inappropriate to put quotation marks around the translated words. In fact, in undertaking the translation yourself you have literally put the author’s words into your own words, which is the definition of a paraphrase.
Citing a Published Translation
Finally, note that citing a translation you made is different than citing a published translation someone else made. If you read a work in translation and you used a direct quotation from it in your paper, you would put quotation marks around the quoted passage just as for any other direct quotation citation. Although the work has been translated, it exists in a distinct, retrievable form. Likewise, in the reference list you would write an entry for the translated version of the work .
I hope this helps you cite your own translations in APA Style.
—Chelsea Lee
Posted by Chelsea Lee at 9:22 AM in Common references , Direct quotations , How-to , Paraphrasing , Translations | Permalink | Comments (24)
Does APA Style Use Ibid. ?
By David Becker
Dear APA Style Experts,
When should I use ibid. in my research paper? I want to cite the same source multiple times in a row, but I’m not sure how. Please help!
Dear Brann,
Ibid. is one of several topics not covered in the Publication Manual because it isn’t used in APA Style. Other styles that document sources with footnotes or endnotes use ibid. to point to a source that was cited in a preceding note. APA Style, however, consistently uses the author–date format to identify an idea’s origin.
When repeatedly referring to the same source, it’s not always necessary to include a parenthetical citation at the end of every paraphrased sentence , as long as the narrative plainly indicates where the information is coming from. Even a direct quotation may not require a full parenthetical citation in this case—you can vary your citation style . If you’re not sure whether your paper clearly shows that you’re drawing multiple thoughts from one source, just ask your instructor, a classmate, or someone at your school’s writing center to give it a quick read. One of the most valuable resources in any form of writing is a second pair of eyes!
I hope this post answered your question, Brann! You can also turn to pages 174–175 of the Publication Manual for examples that show how to integrate citations into the narrative and when to include the publication date . Also be sure to check out one of our earlier posts that briefly reviews how to create in-text citations . And, as always, feel free to comment on this post, leave us a note on Twitter or Facebook , or contact us directly about any questions you may have.
Posted by David Becker at 3:55 PM in Direct quotations , In-text citations , Paraphrasing | Permalink | Comments (1)
When to Include the Year in Citations Appearing More Than Once in a Paragraph
by Tyler Krupa
You may already know that references in APA Style are cited in text with an author–date system (e.g., Smith, 2012). But do you know when to include the year of publication when one of your citations appears more than once in a paragraph? Getting it right is simple as long as you remember the following two guidelines:
1. All parenthetical citations (i.e., citations in which both the author name and publication date are enclosed within parentheses) should include the year, regardless of how often they appear in a paragraph.
2. When the name of the author is part of the narrative and appears outside of parentheses , after the first citation in each paragraph you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical citations as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies in the article (see p. 174 in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual ).
To help illustrate these guidelines, let’s look at a few examples that correctly show when to include the year in citations appearing more than once in a paragraph:
described two separate but linked epidemics. . . . distinguished the HIV (viral) epidemic from the subsequent AIDS (disease) epidemic, foreseeing the ultimate convergence of preventing the spread of the virus and managing the disease it causes. . . . also discussed a third epidemic . . . . This third epidemic is as much a part of the pathology of AIDS as the virus itself . Socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic diseases rather consistently fall on a gradient, where those of relatively lower SES have poorer health and are more often afflicted by multiple diseases than those above them on the SES ladder . . . . offered a framework to explain the major pathways by which SES can influence health outcomes. . . . The model is developmental, illustrating individual, social, and structural influences on disease over the lifespan . |
We hope these examples clear up this point of possible uncertainty. Still have questions? Leave us a comment.
Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 1:51 PM in How-to , In-text citations , Paraphrasing | Permalink | Comments (23)
Technorati Tags : author name , citations , paragraph , parentheses , year
Citing Paraphrased Work in APA Style
As the Publication Manual notes, citing your sources is imperative: “Whether paraphrasing, quoting an author directly, or describing an idea that influenced your work, you must credit the source” (p. 170). But, we are sometimes asked how a writer can properly and clearly attribute multiple ideas within a paragraph yet maintain a readable and interesting text. It’s a challenge! If you include a citation only at the end of the paragraph, the reader won’t know how many of the ideas in the previous sentences you are attributing to the cited author. But, including the citation at the end of each sentence, an absolutely clear and correct approach, can become redundant:
The cross-pollination and fusion of musical genres over the last 2 decades has exposed children to a diversity of musical styles (Viglione, 2010). Technology has also made possible the distribution and sharing of music in exciting new ways (Viglione, 2010). Music is shared through social media sites, analyzed and tailored for the individual listener via sites like Pandora, and simply given away by musicians on their websites (Viglione, 2010). As a result, in the future, children will likely develop eclectic musical tastes early and expect a diversity of musical styles at younger and younger ages (Viglione, 2010). |
The paragraph above clearly attributes the work of Viglione (2010), but imagine a 20-page literature review written in this style! Pages 15–16 of the Publication Manual show an example of how to paraphrase multiple ideas without this redundancy. Can you rewrite the paragraph above in a way that avoids redundancy but maintains the attribution of all of the ideas? Submit your suggestions in the comments section! There are many ways to improve this paragraph, so we won’t post a “winner,” but we will follow up with comments and commendations on the suggested rewrites!
Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 11:05 AM in Common references , How-to , In-text citations , Paraphrasing , References | Permalink | Comments (46)
Technorati Tags : APA Style
For seventh edition guidelines, visit the seventh edition APA Style blog . This search includes only sixth edition blog archive results:
APA Style FAQs
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When paraphrasing a passage, it is essential to express the ideas of the author in your own original words; however, the author’s message and meaning should always be preserved.
Charges of plagiarism can be avoided by including the proper citation of the work you are drawing from in your paraphrase. The APA requires a paraphrase to include the author’s last name and the work’s year of publication, but also suggests that the page number of the original text be included.
Original text: “A yellow flower is yellow because it reflects yellow light and absorbs other wavelengths. The red glass of a stained glass window is red because it transmits red light and absorbs other wavelengths. The process by which we perceive the colours of natural objects around us can therefore be described as a ‘subtractive’ process” (Pender, 1998, p. 14). [1]
Paraphrase: Pender explains that through subtractive process , humans see the color of objects based on the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by each object (Pender, 1998, p. 14). [1]
Note: The paraphrase maintains the ideas of the original passage while expressing the message in a new voice. The original author is also cited properly.
When summarizing a passage or work from another writer, briefly outline in your own original words the major ideas presented in the source material. As brevity is the key feature of a summary, it is essential to express the main concepts of the original passage in as concise a manner as possible. Consider using a summary—rather than a short or block quotation—when preserving the original wording of the source material is not necessary for the reader to understand the ideas under discussion.
Original text: “In their everyday life, people generally assume that they see the world around them the way it really is. When camping in Colorado, hikers believe they see the horizon as dotted with snow-covered mountaintops. When laying on the beach in North Carolina, sunbathers believe they see pelicans flying above the breaking waves. And these people would nearly always be right. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine not believing that the sights and sounds delivered to conscious awareness by perceptual systems are accurate renderings of the outside world. It would be difficult to know how to act if one could not trust one’s senses to accurately report what the world outside is like” (Balcetis, 2010, p. 77). [2]
Summary: In Social Psychology of Visual Perception , Balcetis (2010) argues that because humans rely on the sensory information received from their body, they form preconceived beliefs about their surroundings that manifest as imaginary visual occurrences (p. 77). [2]
Note: The summary maintains the ideas of the original passage while concisely expressing its main concepts. The original author is also cited properly.
If multiple works need to be cited in the same set of parentheses, simply arrange them in alphabetical order by the author’s last names, or the order in which they would be listed in the References page. Use a semicolon to separate each work from the next one.
In the past thirty years, Parkinson’s disease has been written about extensively by recognized figures in the field (Dorros, 1989; Duvoisin, 1991; Hauser & Zesiewicz, 1996). [3][4][5]
Note: This example includes the in-text citations of three works arranged in alphabetical order by authors’ names, separated by semi-colons, and enclosed in parentheses.
[1] Pender, K. (1998). Digital colour in graphic design . Burlington, VT: Elsevier Science & Technology.
[2] Balcetis, E. (2010). Social psychology of visual perception . Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.
[3] Dorros, S. (1989). Parkinson’s: A patient’s view . Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.
[4] Duvoisin, R. C. (1991). Parkinson’s disease: A guide for patient and family . New York, NY: Raven Press.
[5] Hauser, R. A., & Zesiewicz, T. A. (1996). Parkinson’s disease: Questions and answers . Coral Springs, FL: Merit.
Suggested edits.
Explore the different ways to cite sources in academic and professional writing, including in-text (Parenthetical), numerical, and note citations.
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Paraphrasing is a fundamental skill in academic writing, especially when adhering to specific citation styles like APA (American Psychological Association). In this article, we will explore the nuances of paraphrasing in APA, understand the distinction between citations and paraphrases, and uncover valuable tips to ensure your paraphrased content is not flagged as plagiarism.
APA citation style is widely used in various academic disciplines, including psychology, social sciences, and education. It provides a standardized format for citing sources in research papers, ensuring consistency, credibility, and ease of comprehension for readers. Proper APA citation style is essential for acknowledging the work of others and avoiding plagiarism .
Citations and paraphrases serve distinct purposes in academic writing. A citation is a direct reference to a source, providing readers with the exact location of the quoted or paraphrased material. In contrast, a paraphrase involves restating someone else’s ideas or information in your own words, preserving the original meaning while avoiding verbatim repetition.
Let’s look at several APA paraphrasing examples to know exactly what we’ve dealing with.
Paraphrased Information at the Beginning of a Sentence | Description |
---|---|
According to Williams (2021), an extensive examination of climate change was undertaken. | In this example, the author’s name, Williams, is mentioned in the text itself, followed by the publication year in parentheses. |
The global impact of climate change is a matter of great concern (Terrence, 2019). | Here, the author’s name and publication year are enclosed in parentheses at the end of the paraphrased sentence. |
Immediate action is underscored in climate change research (Smith & Johnson, 2023). | In this case, two authors, Smith and Johnson, are cited within the parentheses, representing a paraphrased statement from their research. |
Sentence with Paraphrased Information and Citation | Description |
---|---|
Recent studies (Webkin, 2022) have shown a significant decline in biodiversity. | In this example, the author’s last name, Webkin, and the publication year, 2022, are integrated into the middle of the sentence, providing context for the research. |
The impact of technology on daily life has been extensively explored (Gregson & Lee, 2019). | Here, two authors, Gregson and Lee, are cited within the sentence, emphasizing the significance of their research within the context of the sentence. |
According to recent findings (Diaz et al., 2021), the link between stress and health outcomes is well-established. | In this case, multiple authors are represented by “Diaz et al.” in the middle of the sentence, indicating the collective research effort. |
Another way to cite your sources is to mention them at the end of the sentence.
Sentence with Paraphrased Information and Citation | Description |
---|---|
The impact of climate change on coastal ecosystems is evident (Scholtz, 2018). | In this example, the author’s last name, Scholtz, and the publication year, 2018, are placed at the end of the sentence to attribute the information. |
Social media has transformed communication patterns (Oishi & Serene, 2021). | Here, two authors, Oishi and Serene, are cited at the sentence’s end, acknowledging their research’s contribution to the statement. |
The role of genetics in human behavior has been extensively researched (Sandy et al., 2020). | In this case, multiple authors are represented by “Sandy et al.” at the end of the sentence, crediting their collective work. |
Here’s how you can paraphrase the original information into your work without it being considered plagiarism.
Original text : The complexity of disaster experience calls for considerations at many different levels of inquiry: environmental, psychological, social, political, and cultural. Yet, the crux of disaster experience is the dynamic interplay of environmental challenges and losses embedded within collective processes of mutual exchanges of aid and support. Hence, the featured research findings are organized along the three most distinct operational facets of an all-embracing construct of social support: received social support (e.g. ‘being actually helped by others in times of need’), perceived social support (e.g. ‘subjective appraisals of being reliably connected to others’), and social embeddedness(e.g. ‘types and frequency of interpersonal and community connections’). Source: Kaniasty, K. (2019). Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Current Opinion in Psychology . doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.026
Effective paraphrasing not only demonstrates your understanding of the source material but also safeguards against plagiarism. Here are essential tips to master the art of paraphrasing in APA.
Before embarking on the paraphrasing journey, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the source material. Delve into the text, dissecting complex ideas and concepts. Simplify intricate passages in your mind to grasp the core message. This comprehension forms the foundation of effective paraphrasing.
Paraphrasing involves substituting words with synonyms and reorganizing sentence structure while retaining the original meaning. A thesaurus can be a valuable tool in finding appropriate synonyms . By reshaping sentences and words creatively, you can convey the same information without copying the source verbatim.
While rephrasing, the core idea and intention of the source must remain intact. It is essential to preserve the author’s message and avoid any distortions. Ensure that your paraphrase accurately reflects the source’s meaning, providing a fresh perspective without altering the content’s essence.
Even in the process of paraphrasing, always acknowledge the source. In-text citations following APA guidelines are necessary. Include the author’s last name and the publication year to provide clear attribution . This practice not only maintains academic integrity but also allows readers to trace the original source.
Utilize plagiarism detection tools as a final step to verify your paraphrased content. These tools help ensure that your paraphrased text does not unintentionally resemble the original source too closely. Thoroughly checking for similarities and making necessary adjustments guarantees that your work remains free from plagiarism concerns.
Paraphrasing in APA is an essential skill for any student or researcher. By understanding the intricacies of APA citation style, distinguishing between citations and paraphrases, and following our tips for correct paraphrasing, you can ensure your academic work is both credible and free from plagiarism. Mastering this skill empowers you to incorporate the ideas of others seamlessly while maintaining the integrity of your own writing.
To paraphrase effectively in APA style, read and understand the original text, then express the ideas in your own words while retaining the original meaning . Always provide an in-text citation with the author’s last name and publication year, even when paraphrasing. Ensure the citation is placed correctly within the sentence.
When paraphrasing in APA style, include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses at the end of the paraphrased sentence. If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, include the year in parentheses immediately afterward.
Yes, of course you can . Ine of such tools is AcademicHelp’s Paraphraser, which is specifically tailored in accordance to student needs. However, it’s essential to proofread your text just in case. It’s necessary to understand the content and then manually compare it to APA guidelines to ensure accuracy.
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When should you add in-text citations in your paper .
There are several rules of thumb you can follow to make sure that you are citing your paper correctly in APA 7 format.
In-text citation styles: .
(Forbes, 2020) | Forbes (2020) stated... | |
(Bennet & Miller, 2019) | Bennet and Miller (2019) concluded that... | |
(Jones et al., 2020) | Jones et al. (2020) shared two different... | |
(East Carolina University, 2020) | East Carolina University (2020) found... |
An example with 1 author:
Parenthetical citation: Following American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines will help you to cultivate your own unique academic voice as an expert in your field (Forbes, 2020).
Narrative citation : Forbes (2020) shared that by following American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, students would learn to find their own voice as experts in the field of nursing.
An example with 2 authors:
Parenthetical citation: Research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has demonstrated the efficacy of the method (Bennett & Miller, 2019).
Narrative citation: As shared by Bennett and Miller (2019), research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has demonstrated the efficacy of the method.
An example with 3 authors:
Parenthetical citation: Guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and symptoms related to medical and psychological conditions (Jones et al., 2020).
Narrative citation: Jones et al. (2020) shared that guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and symptoms related to medical and psychological conditions.
An example with a group/corporate author:
Parenthetical citation: Dr. Philip G. Rogers, senior vice president at the American Council on Education, was recently elected as the newest chancellor of the university (East Carolina University, 2020).
Narrative citation: Recently shared on the East Carolina University (2020) website, Dr. Philip G. Rogers, senior vice president at the American Council on Education, was elected as the newest chancellor.
Paraphrasing is recreating someone else's ideas into your own words & thoughts, without changing the original meaning (gahan, 2020). .
Here are some best practices when you are paraphrasing:
References :
Gahan, C. (2020, October 15). How to paraphrase sources . Scribbr.com . https://tinyurl.com/y7ssxc6g
When should i use a direct quote in my paper .
Direct quotes should only be used occasionally:
From: https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/whaddyamean/
, around the quote, are incorporated into the text of the paper. | (Shayden, 2016, p. 202) | |
(by indenting 0.5" or 1 tab) beneath the text of the paragraph. | (Miller et al., 2016, p. 136) | |
, therefore you need a different way to cite the information for a direct quote. There are two ways to do this: | (Jones, 2014, para. 4) (Scotts, 2019, Resources section) |
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Single Author: Simmons (2019) notes that teachers need to use clear body language including using good posture and eye contact when giving directions.
Two Authors: Orben and Przybylski (2019) determined that half of the participants in recent studies overestimated how much time they spend on the internet and a quarter of the participants underestimate it.
Three or More Authors: Larson et al. (2019) pointed out middle school students reported significant less time spent outdoors in nature and more time on screens than their parents reported they did.
Single Author: Teachers need to use clear body language including using good posture and eye contact when giving directions (Simmons, 2019).
Two Authors: H alf of the participants in recent studies overestimated how much time they spend on the internet and a quarter of the participants underestimate it (Orben & Przybylski, 2019).
Three or More Authors: Middle school students reported significant less time spent outdoors in nature and more time on screens than their parents reported they did ( Larson et al., 2019).
Behavior-specific praise and adherence to schedule and routines are two classroom management practices that can increase academic engagement and improve classroom management (Collier-Meek et al., 2019; O’Hanley & Jones, 2020; Simmons, 2019).
When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:
Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993).
Note : If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:
Hunt (1993) noted that mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research after the publication of John Bowlby's studies.
Original Source
Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them and no one knows them intimately.
Source from:
Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology , 139, 469-480.
Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing
The homeless come from families with problems. Frequently, they have been physically or sexually abused, or have lived in group homes. Usually no one cares for them or knows them intimately (Rokach, 2005).
Note : In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way.
Example: Correct Paraphrasing
Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).
Note : The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.
Number of Authors/Editors | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | |
(Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
Type of Group | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
---|---|---|---|---|
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) | (NIMH, 2003) | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003, p. 5) | (NIMH, 2003, p. 5) | |
(University of Pittsburgh, 2005) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2) |
No Known Author:
Note that in most cases where a personal author is not named, a group author may be cited instead (eg. Statistics Canada). However, in certain cases, such as religious ancient texts, the author is unknown. Where you'd normally put the author's last name, instead use the first one, two, or three words from the title. Don't count initial articles like "A", "An" or "The". You should provide enough words to make it clear which work you're referring to from your References List.
If the title in the References list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation.
If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks.
Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized).
( Cell Biology , 2012, p. 157)
("Nursing," 2011, p. 9)
No Known Date of Publication :
Where you'd normally put the year of publication, instead use the letters "n.d.".
(Smith, n.d., p. 200)
Paraphrase (narrative citation), summary (parenthetical citation).
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Paraphrase and Summary:
When do I use Paraphrase and Summary?
How Do I Paraphrase/Summarize a Source?
The struggle to fill nursing positions is different from the effort to add to the physician workforce. One main reason: there are not enough faculty to teach incoming nursing students. Either faculty are leaving due to retirement -- like their counterparts in health-care settings, they too are aging – or they’re gaining higher salaries elsewhere in practice settings other than teaching.
Moore, M. (2015, June 5). The nursing shortage and the doctor shortage are two very different things. The Washington Post . https://www.washingtonpost.com
Paraphrase:
Paraphrasing examples.
No author and/or no date.
When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:
Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993).
Note : If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:
Hunt (1993) noted that mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research after the publication of John Bowlby's studies.
Original Source
Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them and no one knows them intimately.
Source from:
Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology , 139, 469-480.
Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing
The homeless come from families with problems. Frequently, they have been physically or sexually abused, or have lived in group homes. Usually no one cares for them or knows them intimately (Rokach, 2005).
Note : In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way.
Example: Correct Paraphrasing
Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).
Note : The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.
Number of Authors/Editors | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
---|---|---|---|---|
Two | (Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) |
Three or more | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
Type of Group | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
---|---|---|---|---|
Groups readily identified through abbreviations | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) | (NIMH, 2003) | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003, p. 5) | (NIMH, 2003, p. 5) |
Groups with no abbreviations | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2) | (University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2) |
No Known Author:
Note that in most cases where a personal author is not named, a group author may be cited instead (eg. Statistics Canada). However, in certain cases, such as religious ancient texts, the author is unknown. Where you'd normally put the author's last name, instead use the first one, two, or three words from the title. Don't count initial articles like "A", "An" or "The". You should provide enough words to make it clear which work you're referring to from your References List.
If the title in the References list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation.
If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks.
Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized).
( Cell Biology , 2012, p. 157)
("Nursing," 2011, p. 9)
No Known Date of Publication :
Where you'd normally put the year of publication, instead use the letters "n.d.".
(Smith, n.d., p. 200)
When you paraphrase, you restate the ideas of another writer in your own words. A summary shortens information into a more general statement. For the in-text citation, APA requires the name of the author (or the work's title if the author is unknown) and the year of publication.
APA encourages including a page range for a summary or paraphrase if it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.
Use quotations when you directly quote a source word-for-word in your paper. Use direct quotations when you need an exact definition or when an author has said something memorable or succinctly.
Short quotations have fewer than 40 words. They require the author, year of publication, and page number (preceded by p.). Place quotation marks around the quote.
Or, with the signal phrase:
If you decide to leave out part of a quotation within your paper, you must still let your reader know that you have left out part of the quote. This is where an ellipsis (...) is needed.
Quotes longer than 40 words need to be block quotations:
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Quoting vs paraphrasing: what's the difference.
There are two ways to integrate sources into your assignment: quoting directly or paraphrasing.
Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly as it was originally written. When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation.
Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there. Make sure to also include an in-text citation.
There are two basic formats that can be used:
Parenthetical Style:
Narrative Style:
A quotation of more than 40 words.
There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding, 1960, p.186)
Sometimes you may want to make some modifications to the quote to fit your writing. Here are some APA rules when changing quotes:
Add the word [sic] after the error in the quotation to let your reader know the error was in the original source and is not your error.
If you would like to exclude some words from a quotation, replace the words you are not including with an ellipsis - ...
If you are adding words that are not part of the original quote, enclose the additional words in square brackets - [XYZ]
What is a secondary source.
In scholarly work, a primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
Quote & In-Text Citation
Reference List Entry
Paraphrasing example.
When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:
If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:
NOTE : Although not required, APA encourages including the page number when paraphrasing if it will help the reader locate the information in a long text and distinguish between the information that is coming from you and the source.
Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them and no one knows them intimately.
Source from:
Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139, 469-480.
Example: correct paraphrasing.
If your paraphrase is longer than one sentence, provide an in-text citation for the source at the beginning of the paraphrase. As long as it's clear that the paraphrase continues to the following sentences, you don't have to include in-text citations for the following sentences.
If your paraphrase continues to another paragraph and/or you include paraphrases from other sources within the paragraph, repeat the in-text citations for each.
Tip sheet on paraphrasing information
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.
Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.
Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.
Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.
Good to know
The punctuation at the end of the sentence goes after and outside the parenthesis.
I am paraphrasing (Smith, 2019).
If you are using a direct quote, there is no comma between the end of the quotation and the in-text citation.
"this is a quote" (Smith, 2019, p. 263).
If paraphrasing, in parenthesis, list the author's last name followed by a comma and the year of publication. The punctuation at the end of the sentence goes after and outside the parenthesis. (Author's last name, year) |
Citing sources is very important (Smith, 2019). |
If directly quoting, in parenthesis, list the author's last name followed by a comma and the year of publication followed by a comma and the page number(s).
(Author's last name, year, page number) |
It should be noted that "proper usage of citations is crucial" (Smith, 2019, p. 263) |
If you are citing multiple pages use pp. (Smith, 2019, pp. 17-27) |
If paraphrasing the author in text, list the author in the sentence without parenthesis, include the year of publication in parenthesis immediately afterwards and then the paraphrased information. List the Author's last name (year) and the paraphrased information in your sentence. |
Smith (2019) states citing sources is very important. |
If directly quoting the author in text, list the author in the sentence without parenthesis, include the year of publication in parenthesis immediately afterwards and then the quoted information. List page number(s) at the end of the sentence in parenthesis.
List the Author's last name (year), "direct quotation inside quotation marks" (p. #). |
In his article on citations, Smith (2019) states that "proper usage of citations is crucial" (p. 263). |
If there is no author, list a shortened version of the title in place of the author followed by a comma and the year of publication. For example: If the article is entitled "Very long work can be exhausting to read," the title can be shortened to "Very long work."
("shortened title", year) |
This article is very long ("Very long work," 2019). |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If paraphrasing two authors, list the last names of both authors connected with "&" followed by a comma and the year of publication.
(Author's last name & Second author's last name, year) |
Citations are academically honest (Smith & Jones, 2019). |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If paraphrasing three or more authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” followed by a comma and the year of publication. (Author's last name et al. year) |
Citations have saved millions of papers (Smith et al., 2019). |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If using a group or corporate author, list the name or abbreviation of the group/company/agency in place of the author; followed by a comma and the year of publication.
(Group name, year) |
It has been reported that failure to use citations is a threat to national security (Citation Security Agency, 2019). |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If you are using text generated by an AI, please use the company's name who owns the product and the year you used it. (AI Company, year) |
The citation was long and written by ChatGPT ( , ). |
Always directly quote when AI is used, unless otherwise stated by your professor. |
If there is no date, put (n.d.) for year. Place a period after n and d with no spaces in between. (Author last name, year) |
The citation was long but did not have a date (Smith, n.d.) |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number The "n.d." stands for "No Date." Be sure to use n.d. on the References page to match the in-text citation. |
If there are two or more authors with the same last name, list the first name initial(s) and then the last name followed by a comma and then the year.
(First author first initial. last name, year). (Second author first initial. last name, year).
|
The glass is half full (A. Smith, 2019). The glass is half empty (B. Smith, 2019). |
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If multiple references have an identical author (or authors) and year of publication, list a lowercase letter after the year. The References page for these citations needs to have the year of publication exactly match the in-text date with the added lowercase letter. (Author last name, yeara). (Author last name, yearb)
|
(Redd, 2017a). (Redd, 2017b).
|
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If you are citing a work in translation, you write the year of initial publication followed by the year of the translation's publication, separated by a forward slash. (Author last name, Year of Initial Publication/Year of Translation Publication).
|
(Redd, 2017/2019).
|
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
If referencing a source that has no page numbers; list the paragraph number, section title, table number, slide number, etc.
Some other sources use the full word, such as Table, Graph, Chart.
|
There is some evidence to suggest that "citations have the potential to help grades" (Smith, 2019, para. 5).
|
If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number |
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2004). Sociocultural idealization of thin female body shapes: An introduction to the special issue on body image and eating disorders. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology , 23, 1-6. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work. It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style.
Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing:
Instructors, programs, editors, and publishers may establish limits on the use of direct quotations. Consult your instructor or editor if you are concerned that you may have too much quoted material in your paper.
This page addresses how to format short quotations and block quotations. Additional information is available about how to:
Quotations are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Sections 8.25 to 8.35 and the Concise Guide Sections 8.25 to 8.34
For quotations of fewer than 40 words, add quotation marks around the words and incorporate the quote into your own text—there is no additional formatting needed. Do not insert an ellipsis at the beginning and/or end of a quotation unless the original source includes an ellipsis.
Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
For a direct quotation, always include a full citation ( parenthetical or narrative ) in the same sentence as the quotation, including the page number (or other location information, e.g., paragraph number).
Format quotations of 40 words or more as block quotations:
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)
Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when working with an intersectional community of transgender people of color:
Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results. (p. 311)
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Learn how to paraphrase sources in your own words and cite them using APA style. Find examples of long and short paraphrases, citation formats, and tips for avoiding plagiarism.
Learn how to paraphrase in APA style, including steps, examples, and rules for in-text citations. Paraphrasing is the art of putting information into your own words while giving credit to the original source.
Paraphrasing Guidelines (APA, 2020, p. 269) APA 7 notes that "published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting" (p. 269). For writing in psychology, students should use direct quotations only sparingly and instead mainly synthesize and paraphrase. Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a ...
Learn how to paraphrase a quote from a source by restating its essential information and ideas in a new form. Follow the six steps to effective paraphrasing and avoid plagiarism, and see examples of paraphrases and summaries.
Learn how to paraphrase correctly and avoid plagiarism by changing the wording of a source while preserving the meaning. See examples of paraphrasing different types of sources and compare it with quoting and summarizing.
Practice your paraphrasing and citation skills with three activities that involve summarizing sentences, paragraphs, and studies from published works. Compare your answers with the APA Style team and learn how to avoid patchwriting and emphasize different ideas.
Note: In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way. Example: Correct Paraphrasing. Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).
When paraphrasing or summarising using one source over several sentences or even a whole paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence. There is no need to cite the work again in this paragraph provided it is clear that this is the only source being paraphrased. The APA Style and Grammar Guidelines provide this example: Velez et al. (2018 ...
Learn how to paraphrase and quote sources in APA Style, including when and how to include page numbers or other location information. Find examples, advice, and answers to common questions about paraphrasing and quoting.
The APA requires a paraphrase to include the author's last name and the work's year of publication, but also suggests that the page number of the original text be included. ... Note: This example includes the in-text citations of three works arranged in alphabetical order by authors' names, separated by semi-colons, and enclosed in ...
How to Paraphrase in APA Examples. ... Paraphrasing in APA is an essential skill for any student or researcher. By understanding the intricacies of APA citation style, distinguishing between citations and paraphrases, and following our tips for correct paraphrasing, you can ensure your academic work is both credible and free from plagiarism. ...
Let's look at these examples if they were written in text: An example with 1 author: Parenthetical citation: Following American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines will help you to cultivate your own unique academic voice as an expert in your field (Forbes, 2020). Narrative citation: Forbes (2020) shared that by following American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines ...
General Guidelines for Paraphrasing and Summarizing. Paraphrasing is when you put a passage or idea from another work into your own words. A paraphrased passage is generally shorter and more condensed than the original. You can cite your information as part of the sentence (called a narrative citation) or at the end in parentheses (known as a ...
The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way. Example: Correct Paraphrasing. Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005). Note: The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.
Paraphrase and Summary: Incorporate a portion of the source into your essay by conveying its meaning in your own words. Paraphrase aims to replicate all of the ideas of the source passage, while summary aims to express only its main point(s).; Are introduced by a signal phrase, incorporating the source passage into the flow of the essay.
Paraphrasing. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993). Note: If you refer to the author's ...
Start a block quote on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 inches from the left margin. Double-space the quotation and do not add an extra line before or after it. Either cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or cite the author and year in your paper before the quotation and place only the page number in ...
Paraphrasing Example. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows: ... APA encourages including the page number when paraphrasing if it will help the reader locate the information in a long text and distinguish between the information ...
Learn how to acknowledge the work of others in your scholarly writing with APA Style in-text citations. Find out how to format interviews, classroom and intranet sources, personal communications, paraphrases and direct quotations, and more.
Learn how to cite sources in APA style using the author-date method, with examples of quotations, paraphrases, and block quotations. Find out how to format titles, capitalization, and page numbers in your in-text citations.
Basic format (Paraphrasing) Components. If paraphrasing, in parenthesis, list the author's last name followed by a comma and the year of publication. The punctuation at the end of the sentence goes after and outside the parenthesis. (Author's last name, year) Example. Citing sources is very important (Smith, 2019).
Paraphrase in Paper (APA) If a woman interprets the media's representation of thinness as the ideal she must achieve, her sense of self-esteem might be threatened and even damaged, making her more likely to exhibit disordered eating patterns (Polivy & Herman, 2004, p. 2). Note: APA does not require a page number reference for summaries, but you ...
Learn how to format short and long quotations in APA style, with examples and rules for punctuation, citation, and quotation marks. Find out how to handle quotations from sources without page numbers, with errors, or from research participants.